What is Preparative
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography(SFC)?
To understand preparative SFC, it's necessary to grasp "supercritical" fluid. Matter exists in three primary states: gas, liquid, and solid. Under specific temperature and pressure conditions, matter can enter a supercritical fluid region, where the distinction between gaseous and liquid states can no longer be observed.
In preparative SFC, the mobile phase consists of carbon dioxide (CO2) in its supercritical form. Under normal conditions,
CO2 is a gas exhaled by people and animals. When subjected to certain pressures and low temperatures,
CO2 forms dry ice. As the temperature and pressure increase to a specific point, the
CO2 transitions into a supercritical fluid, exhibiting unique properties that make it ideal for chromatographic separations.
Using
CO2 in preparative chromatography offers numerous benefits, including rapid results and environmental advantages. It is stable, relatively inexpensive, non-flammable, non-toxic, and easy to remove from the sample. Because many compounds cannot be separated using supercritical
CO2alone, it is usually used in combination with other solvents, such as methanol and ethanol.
While the principles of SFC are much like those of HPLC, the supercritical fluid used as the mobile phase allows SFC to run at a higher flow rate than HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). Because of this, SFC is generally three to four times faster than HPLC. Other advantages of SFC over HPLC include:
- Green Chromatography -
CO2 is affordable, environmentally friendly, and reduces “strong” solvent use by up to 95% (up to eight times less organic solvent used)
- Less solvent waste
- Up to seven times lower energy consumption for solvent removal
-
CO2-neutral: reuses
CO2captured from other processes or the atmosphere
- Environmentally friendly alternative to hazardous organic solvents
-
CO2 is nontoxic and, with appropriate co-solvents, is safe to use with food and pharmaceutical products
To learn more, read
What is SFC?